A previous study conducted indicated that vegetation growth will be affected by climate change resulting in the loss of germplasm resources and different types of species. ![]() Projecting the favorable climatic niche for these species and investigating their control range is important for estimating the effects of climate change on the species as well as knowing the conservation measures to put in place. The range of Toddalia asiatica may directly change because of altered climate, resulting in a change in its distribution ( Figure 1). However, it formed a sister clade with Southwest Pacific and the East Asian species of Zanthoxylum with a high support clade value. asiatica was not closely related to the African and Malagasy species. However, with the current study using 36 complete chloroplast genomes, T. In another study, it was established that Toddalia was sister to the main Asian clade. In a study carried out by Appelhans, Toddalia was a sister to the Zanthoxylum species found in Africa and Madagascar. Moreover, the current research conducted using 36 complete plastomes supported Toddalia as part of Zanthoxylum and suggested that they should be merged. asiatica to Zanthoxylum asiaticum (L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J. Additionally, studies have proposed the change of T. However, it was evidenced that the genus Toddalia was nested within Zanthoxylum using the highest sampled taxa of Zanthoxylum. The results indicated that Zanthoxylum formed a sister group with Toddalia. The four groups have been widely studied in previous studies. asiatica species collected from a wide geographical range are required. The availability of these cp genomes will provide valuable genetic resources for further population genetics and biogeographic studies of these species. In Africa, there will be contraction and expansion of the favorable areas for the species. The maxent model analysis showed that Asia would have an expansion of favorable areas for Toddalia species in the future. These results supported an Asian origin of Toddalia species and later dispersal to Africa and Madagascar. Biogeographic results demonstrated that the two samples of Toddalia species from Africa diverged from T. These results supported the previous studies of merging the genus Toddalia with Zanthoxylum and taxonomic change of Toddalia asiatica to Zanthoxylum asiaticum, which should also apply for the African species of Toddalia. Both species formed a sister clade to the Southwest Pacific and East Asian species of Zanthoxylum. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete cp genomes and 79 protein-coding genes indicated that the Toddalia species collected from Africa were sister to T. A comparison of pairwise sequences indicated that the three regions ( trnH-psbA, rpoB, and ycf1) were more divergent and can be useful in developing effective genetic markers. ![]() The IR/SC boundary structures were the same in all chloroplast genomes. The gene number, orientation, and order were highly conserved. ![]() Both species compared displayed high similarity in gene arrangement. Toddalia asiatica from Asia had 115 genes with 81 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. ![]() The number of genes was 113 for both species from Africa, consisting of 79 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The genome size of both species from Africa was 158, 508 base pairs, which was slightly larger, compared to the reference genome of T. asiatica species from China, available in the NCBI database. In the present study, two samples of Toddalia asiatica species, both collected from Kenya, were sequenced and comparison of their genome structures carried out with T.
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